Development of Surface : Link 2

https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B0hvU4t2vA-CTlAzd3BzaGk0QWc/view?usp=sharing


https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B0hvU4t2vA-CYjFzMVhPSGxsS28/view?usp=sharing

ENGINEERING GRAPHICS : Practice sheet for VIVA VOCE

1. Define Projection.
2. Classsify Projection
3. Define plane of projection
4. State the various types of projection.
5. Define Orthographic projection.
6. What do you mean by reference line or reference plane?
7. What do you understand by first angle projection?
8. Compare first angle projection with third angle projection.
9. Give the symbolic representation of first angle projection.
10. How do you draw the side view of an object?
11. A point is ‘x’ cm below HP and ‘y’ cm behind VP. State the position of the front and top views.
12. A point A, its plan is 20mm above xy line; the elevation 20mm below the xy line. State its quadrant.
13. A point B, its projections coincide with each other 40mm above xy line. State the quadrant.
14. What are projectors?
15. What is HP and VP?
16. Define Top View.
17. Define Front View.
18. Describe the position of an object in the four quadrants relative to their principal planes.
19. State the two methods of projection used.
20. In the orthographic projection, the observer looks at the object from ---------- distance.
21. In the first angle projection, the front view is drawn above the reference line. (True / False).
22. When a point lies in the second quadrant, it will be in front of VP and above HP. (True / False).
23. If a point is below HP and above VP, The top view is below XY. (True / False).
24. If both top view and front view is below XY, then the point lies in Fourth quadrant. (True / False).
25. The line joining the top and front views of a point is perpendicular to xy. (True / False).
26. The top view of a point behind VP is always above xy. (True / False).
27. The front view of a point above HP is -------- xy.
28. A point is in the vertical plane. What is the position of its top view?
29. A point lies in the HP. Its front view lies in xy. (True / False).
30. The projections of a point lie in xy. Where is the point located?
31. Point P is in xy. State the position of top and front views of P.
32. When a point is situated in the third quadrant, it will be above Hp and in front of VP. (True / False).
33. A point is situated in the first quadrant. It is --------- Hp and --------- VP.
34. When a line is parallel to ----------- plane, the top view will have its true length.
35. If a line is contained by HP and inclined to VP its front view will lie on ---------.
36. Angle made by the front view of a straight line with xy is called ------------
37. The point of intersection of a line or line produced with HP is called ----------
38. If a line is parallel to VP, the true length of the line is seen in the top view. (True / False).
39. Define a straight line.
40. State the various positions of straight line with respect to VP and HP
41. Name the two methods by which the true length of a straight can be determined.
42. When will you get a point as an elevation in the projection of straight line?
43. The projection of a straight line can be drawn if the projections of the two end points of the line are shown. (True / False).
44. A line parallel to one principal plane is always perpendicular to the other plane, (True / False).
45. If a line is parallel to a plane, its projection on that plane will have true length. (True / False).
46. A line perpendicular to one principal plane is parallel to the other. (True / False).
47. A line is inclined to the VP and parallel to HP, which of the views will have the true length?
48. A line is contained by both the HP and the VP; state the positions of its views.
49. A line is perpendicular to the HP. What is the shape of its top view?
50. If a line is perpendicular to the HP, its front view will have true length. (True / False).
51. Front view of the line perpendicular to the HP is ---------- to xy.
52. When a straight line lies in a plane perpendicular to both HP and VP, the value of ө + Φ =
53. Maximum value of the sum of true angles of inclinations of a line is ------------
54. The side view of a line parallel to both the HP and the VP is a ---------
55. If a line is parallel to HP, its -------- view will have true length. If a line is parallel to VP, its --

------ view will have true length.

56. What is a solid?
57. State the major types / classification of solids.
58. What is a polyhedron?
59. What is a regular polyhedron?
60. Give examples of regular polyhedron.
61. A prism is a regular polyhedron. (True / false)
62. All polyhedra are bounded by only equal equilateral triangles. (True / false)
63. What is a tetrahedron?
64. What is an octahedron?
65. Define prism.
66. Define pyramid.
67. How are the prism named?
68. How are the pyramids named?
69. Give the nomenclature of a prism.
70. Give some types of prism.
71. Give the nomenclature of a pyramid.
72. Give some types of pyramid.
73. Define slant edge.
74. How is a cylinder obtained?
75. Give the nomenclature of a cylinder.
76. How is cone obtained?
77. Give the nomenclature of a cone.
78. How is a sphere obtained?
79. Define frustum.
80. What is a truncated solid?
81. When the axis of an object is perpendicular to the VP, it is --------- to the HP.
82. The shape of the top view of a cone with its base on the VP, is a ----------
83. A solid has its axis perpendicular to the HP, which view will show the true shape of its base?
84. A solid is kept with its axis parallel to both the HP and VP. Which view will show the true shape of its ends?
85. What is the simple position of the solid?
86. How many corners and edges are present in an octahedron?
87. How many corners and edges are present in a hexahedron?
88. How many corners and edges are present in a tetrahedron?
89. In the orthographic views of a solid --------- are first located and they are connected by lines.
90. In a view of a solid the line connecting an invisible corner and a visible corner should be shown by ----
91. Write the types of auxiliary planes.
92. Define auxiliary vertical plane.
93. Define auxiliary inclined plane.
94. A plane has no thickness. (True / False)
95. A tetrahedron has 4 equal edges and 4 equal equilateral triangular faces. (True / false)
96. A triangular pyramid becomes a tetrahedron when the slant edges are equal to the sides of the base. (True / false)
97. In first angle projection, the right side view should be drawn to the right side of the front view. (True / false)
98. Define the terms: Faces and Edges of a solid.
99. Define Apex.
100. Apparent inclinations are always -------- than the true inclinations.
101. Draw the projections of the following points on a common reference line:
1. P, 25mm below the HP and in the VP
2. Q, 40mm behind the VP and in the HP
3. R, 30mm below the HP and 30mm in front of the VP
4. S, 25mm above the HP and 25mm behind the VP
5. T, 25mm above the HP and 30mm in front of the VP.
6. U, in both the VP and HP
7. V, 35mm below the HP and 30mmm behind the VP
8. W, 30mm above the HP and 35mm behind the VP
102. Draw the projections of the following points on a common reference line:
1. A, 25mm above the HP and 35mm in front of the VP
2. B, 25mm above the HP and 40mm behind the VP
3. C, 30mm below the HP and 40mm behind the VP
4. D, 30mm below the HP and 35mm in front of the VP
5. E, 25mm above the HP and in the VP.
6. F, 30mm below the HP and in the VP
7. G, 35mm in front of the VP and in the HP.
8. H, 40mm behind the VP and in the HP
103. A line AB 70mm long is inclined at an angle of 40˚ to HP and 30˚ to VP. The end A is in VP and 20mm above HP. Draw the projections of the line.
104. A line PQ, 60mm long has its end P in both HP and VP. It is inclined at an angle of 30˚ to HP and 45˚ to VP. Draw its projections
105. A line CD 75mm long is inclined at an angle of 45˚ to HP and 30˚ to VP. The point P is 15mm above HP and 20mm in front of VP. Draw the projections of the line.
106. A line measuring 80mm long has one of its ends 60mm above HP and 20mm in front of VP. The other end 15mm above HP and in front of VP. The front view of the line is 60mm long. Draw the Top view.
107. The mid point of a straight line AB is 60mm above HP and 50mm in front of VP. The line measures 80mm long and inclined 30˚ to HP and 45˚ to VP. Draw its projections.
108. Define Section or Cut surface.
109. Define Sectional View.
110. What is sectional Top view?
111. What is sectional Front view?
112. Discuss about sectional plane.
113. What are the types of section plane?
114. What is the true shape of section?
115. What are section lines?
116. Define hatching.
117. When will you get the true shape of the section in the front view?
118. Generally the major portion of the solid should be retained for
119. If the section plane is _______ to HP the cut surface obtained in the top view itself is the true shape of section.
120. The projection of a section plane on the reference plane to which it is perpendicular is a ______.
121. Define Auxiliary Vertical Plane (AVP).
122. Define Auxiliary Inclined Plane (AIP).
123. Define Cutting Plane.
124. Why do you section a solid?
125. What is the true shape of section when the cone is cut by a plane parallel to its generator?
126. What will be the position of the cube and cutting plane to get the true shape of section as rhombus?
127. What is the symbol for cutting plane?
128. What is meant by sectioning an object?
129. State any two purpose / uses of sectioning.
130. Define Cutting plane / Section plane.

Development of Surfaces: Download link

https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B0hvU4t2vA-CX3UyUHVMeEdHNTQ/view?usp=sharing

For BE Students [ME/EE]

The I sem students of BE [EE/ME] are directed to give the feedback on the given link below:

http://zhcetfeedback.blogspot.in/

Projection of Sectional View : An Example

Draw the Sectional Orthographic Projections of the object given below: (1) Sectional Front View (2) Top view.

Procedure:

Step-1 Draw a horizontal x-y line of some suitable length. And x’-y’ line perpendicular to preciously drawn x-y line and give the point O at the intersection of the two lines.

Step-2 In this problem the Sectional Front View, Top View have to be drawn in 1st angle method of projection (By default it is 1st angle method of projection), so first find out the total length, total height and total width from the isometric drawing given above. The total length is the length of the base of the front view, i.e., form X direction. The total height is the height in the front view and the total width is the length of the base in the side view.

Step-3 The total length is 165 mm, total height is 139 mm and the total width is 66 mm.

Step-4 Draw two boxes with light straight lines at respective location in such a way that the views should be in 1st angle method of projection. And these boxes should be at least 10 mm away from the x-y & x’-y’ lines.

Step-5 Then start the drawing by Sectional front view and within the respective box with dimensions, and it should be drawn with medium dark lines or curves. Like in this way draw all the required view and look for the hidden lines, which are drawn as dashed line. But the drawing should be drawn by transferring the projectors only wherever possible.

Step-6 Give the dimensions by any one method of dimensions and give the name of the views, as shown in the figure.

Orthographic Projection -Multi view drawing : an example

Draw the Orthographic Projections of the object given below: (1) Front View (2) Top View  (3) R.H.S.V.

Procedure:

Step-1 Draw a horizontal x-y line of some suitable length. And x’-y’ line perpendicular to preciously drawn x-y line and give the point O at the intersection of the two lines.

Step-2 In this problem the Front View, Top View and Right Hand Side View have to be drawn in 1st angle method of projection, so first find out the total length, total height and total width from the isometric drawing given above. The total length is the length of the base of the front view, i.e., form X direction. The total height is the height in the front view and the total width is the length of the base in the side view.

Step-3 The total length is 50 mm, total height is 90 mm and the total width is 60 mm.

Step-4 Draw three boxes with light straight lines at respective location in such a way that the views should be in 1st angle method of projection. And these boxes should be at least 10 mm away from the x-y & x’-y’ lines.

Step-5 Then start the drawing by front view and within the respective box with dimensions, and it should be drawn with medium dark lines or curves. Like in this way draw all the required view and look for the hidden lines, which are drawn as dashed line. But the drawing should be drawn by transferring the projectors only wherever possible.

Step-6 Give the dimensions by any one method of dimensions and give the name of the views, as shown in the figure.

Development of Surfaces: Download Link

https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B0hvU4t2vA-CX3UyUHVMeEdHNTQ/view?usp=sharing

Projection of Points

Projection of Points – Point’s position will be given in data. We need to find out its projection on H.P. (Horizontal Plane) and on V.P. (Vertical Plane).

There are maximum four quadrant wise positions possible of point. As we all know about quadrant, there are 4 quadrants exist. See figure below.

Here are four quadrant wise positions for any point.

1. Above H.P. and In Front of V.P. which shows point is in First Quadrant
2. Above H.P. and Behind V.P. which shows point is in Second Quadrant
3. Below H.P. and Behind V.P. which shows point is in Third Quadrant
4. Below H.P. and In Front of V.P. which shows point is in Fourth Quadrant

See figure below.

Let us check these quadrants in H.P. (Horizontal Plane) and on V.P. (Vertical Plane) view. See figure below.

To find solution of problems based on projections we need to rotate H.P. (Horizontal Plane) in clockwise direction to 90º.

After this rotation of H.P. it will become parallel to V.P. See fig below.

Solved Example:

Data: A Point “M” is 40 mm above H.P. and 40 mm in front of V.P. Draw its projections.

Solution: As point’s position is above H.P. and In Front of V.P. it is in First Quadrant. See figure below.

We will get m’ projected on V.P. for front view which shows Elevation and m on H.P. for top view which shows Plan.

So, plan will be 40 mm in front of V.P. and Elevation will be 40 mm above H.P.

As per we discussed before for solution we need to rotate H.P. in clockwise direction up to 90º. See figure below.

So the solution for the above data is:

Plan: Projection on H.P.         Elevation: Projection on V.P.

In same way we can find projections for any point at any condition. Just remember to rotate H.P. at 90º while drawing solution.

Here are few important notes:

1. When point is in 1st quadrant, its plan will be below XY (reference line) and elevation will be above XY.
2. When point is in 2nd quadrant, its plan and elevation both will be above XY.
3. When point is in 3rd quadrant, its plan will be above XY and elevation will be below XY.
4. When point is in 4th quadrant, its plan and elevation both will be below XY.

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Methods of Dimensions

To show dimensions of all parts of drawing is mandatory for engineer. All lines in drawing would have length, width or radius to indicate. The use of proper dimensioning method will tends to full marks for correct drawing. Now let us discuss methods of dimensioning in brief.

There are two Methods of Dimensions. (1) Uni-directional System  (2) Aligned System.

(1) Uni-directional System 

Procedure: UNIDIRECTIONAL METHOD OF DIMENSIONING

Step-1 Draw an example drawing as given into the above figure.  Drawing should be drawn as per the given dimensions.

Step-2 In Unidirectional Method of  Dimensioning the dimension line should be cut at center and dimensions should be placed in the middle of dimension lines as shown into the figure.

Step-3 At the ends of dimension lines filled arrow heads should be placed.

(2) Aligned System

Procedure: ALIGNED METHOD OF DIMENSIONING

Step-1 Draw an example drawing as given into the above figure.  Drawing should be drawn as per the given dimensions.

Step-2 In Aligned Method of Dimensioning the dimension line should be continuous and dimensions should be placed in the middle of dimension lines as shown into the figure.

Step-3 At the ends of dimension lines filled arrow heads should be placed.

www.engineeringdrawing.org

Dimensioning Rules

List General Rules for Dimensioning – A neat drawing is  not only required to achieve full marks in technical drawing but several rules for dimensioning must be followed.

The following rules should be considered while dimensioning:

1. Standard sizes of letters and figures should be used.

2. All dimensions should be specified in mm. The use of mm should be avoided by giving a general note “All dimensions are in mm”.

3. As far as possible dimensions should be placed outside the views.

4. Dimension lines should not run in the direction included in the hatched area.

5. Dimensions should be taken from visible outlines rather than from dashed lines.

6. Dimensions should be given from a base line, a centre line, an important hole, or a finished surface which may be readily established.

7. Dimensions should be quoted only once in one view.

8. Overall dimensions should be placed outside the intermediate dimensions.

9. Dimensions should be placed outside a sectional view.

10. Zero should precede the decimal point when the dimension is less than unity.

11. Dimension line should not cross. Also dimension lines and extension lines should not cross.

12. When there are several dimension lines, the shorter dimension should be nearer the view.

13. Leaders should not be drawn curved or made free hand.

14. Do not use outlines for dimensions.

15. Same method of dimensioning should be used for all dimension lines.